Dupla .

Reverse osmosis systems create optimal source water for marine and freshwater aquariums. Often, many water problems can only be resolved by using reverse osmosis water. Reverse osmosis systems operate on the principle of physical filtration. Unlike ion exchangers, which exchange hardness-forming ions (e.g., calcium) for other non-hardness-forming ions (e.g., sodium), a reverse osmosis system physically removes contaminants (e.g., silicate, nitrate) and hardness formers from the water. The water flows through the reverse osmosis system under the pressure present in household water pipes, which is between 2 and a maximum of 6 bar, through a semi-permeable membrane. The dissolved substances in the water (contaminants, salts, or hardness formers) cannot pass through the small grid structure of the membrane and remain in the residual water. This residual water is discharged as concentrate and can be safely used as cleaning, watering, or utility water. Dupla reverse osmosis systems have a retention rate of up to 95 to 98% of all contaminants in tap water.