The specifications here are wrong. All form factors are supported, including 2280 (smaller ones are practically unavailable).
The crucial thing is that only SATA M.2 SSDs are supported, none! NVMe.
SATA SSDs should have a B-Key.
Yes, it doesn't work because you bought an adapter with a sata protocol, but the SSD works with NVMe. A suitable device in this case would be Icy Box IB-1817M-C31 - NVMe M.2 (M.2 2230, M.2 2242, M.2 2260)