Stable and flexible at the same time
Like humans, elephants develop their personality over the course of their lives. They also remain flexible - and adapt their behaviour to the social context.
Many animals show consistent individual differences in behaviour, which can certainly be described as "personality". This is especially true for the highly intelligent elephants with their distinctive social life. Previous studies have already shown that pachyderms in captivity have different personality types. However, research into this has so far focussed primarily on female animals. In order to extend the knowledge to wild male elephants, experts led by Caitlin O'Connell-Rodwell from Stanford University observed 34 African savannah elephants (Loxodonta africana) in Etosha National Park in Namibia (from 2007 to 2011). Their conclusion: male elephants have distinct personality traits, but also adapt their behaviour to the social context.
The researchers identified the individual animals based on physical characteristics such as ear pattern, tail hair, tusk size and shape and body size. They were able to identify five behaviours that differed consistently between individuals, including aggression and dominance behaviour, friendly interactions and self-soothing. However, behaviour was also influenced by the social context. In particular, the presence of younger animals and a key male (the most dominant and socially integrated individual) had the greatest influence on the elephants: it mainly promoted friendly behaviour and reduced aggressive, anxious or wary behaviour.
Younger males were more similar in temperament than older males, suggesting that their unique personalities develop with age. The results also suggested that the most socially successful elephants are those that find a balance between aggression and friendliness.
According to the authors, the results can help to improve the protection of elephants and optimise group composition in captivity, for example. They may also help conservation managers to predict the success rate of translocations or reintroductions. As climate change, shrinking habitats, poaching and conflicts with humans are putting elephants under increasing pressure, it is crucial to understand the animals' reactions to ecological and social changes.
Spectrum of Science
We are a partner of Spektrum der Wissenschaft and want to make well-founded information more accessible to you. Follow Spektrum der Wissenschaft if you like the articles.
Original article on Spektrum.de
Experts from science and research report on the latest findings in their fields – competent, authentic and comprehensible.
From the latest iPhone to the return of 80s fashion. The editorial team will help you make sense of it all.
Show all