Wie umgehen mit Faschismus und Nationalsozialismus?

This study is the first to analyse how Italian, German and French socialists dealt with Fascism and National Socialism over a period of more than four decades from a comparative and relational-historical perspective. At the centre of the individual and collective biographical investigation are the plural experiences, expectations and memories of the actors in the field of tension between dictatorship and democracy between 1919 and 1960. The comparative and intertwined-historical work proceeds partly synchronously, partly diachronically, firstly to depict the process character and the development of how socialists dealt with fascism and National Socialism, secondly to supplement the comparison with perceptual perspectives and transnational moments and thirdly to work out peculiarities and differences as well as similarities and commonalities. It shows that, in addition to international orientation and transnational networks, national influences and frameworks of action remained highly relevant for the groups of actors studied and thus provides an important article for a differentiated transnational history of the European labour movement in the 20th century.