Graues Park+Ride in München

Subway stations within the urban area particularly offer residents from the surrounding regions an incentive to switch from motorized individual transport to the subway, close to the city center. The lower density of park-and-ride options in the city compared to the outskirts, along with other factors, can lead to an unplanned form of combined or fragmented passenger transport, known as gray park-and-ride. Through an empirical study at four suburban subway stations, the sociodemographic and spatial action determinants for this behavior among commuters from the outskirts are highlighted. The investigation, based on attitude and behavior theories, questions the motivations behind this behavior, which are tied to action determinants and requirements.