Deprived of liberty. Imprisonment and deprivation of liberty

To this day, deprivation of personal freedom is considered the basic pattern of state punishment. Although precursor institutions date back to the early modern period, the type of modern detention facility, the prison, did not become established until the 19th century. However, custodial measures were by no means limited to criminal law. Until well into the 20th century, the removal and confinement of men and women who disturbed public order in forced labor, educational or insane asylums was considered a tried and tested means of generating social conformity. Early on, however, prisons and other detention centers also came under criticism. Around 1900, the first alternatives to imprisonment emerged. In the 20th century, numerous reform and protest movements further intensified criticism of imprisonment. Today, only 10 percent of all sentenced adults.